fix: consolidate remaining assembly validation into GatewaySettings

Round two of the from_env-only validation problem. Fifteen checks still lived
in the env parsing functions: six enum domains, the redis_url requirement for
redis-backed limiter/breaker/cache, cache namespace and TTL, telemetry path and
DSN, non-negative structured retries and non-blank scope. from_settings and
direct construction bypassed all of them.

The five asserts in client.py that claimed config had already validated
redis_url and the telemetry targets now hold on every path, so they revert to
what CLAUDE.md permits: internal invariant declarations that also narrow the
Optional for type checkers. Their comments now name the method that guarantees
them, since the previous wording is exactly what went stale.

Postgres DSNs built by hand now get the SQLAlchemy +driver suffix stripped the
way from_env has always stripped it, with a warning so the rewrite is not
silent. The env path strips earlier, so it stays quiet.

pyproject.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
 
 [project]
 name = "polygateway"
-version = "1.0.1"
+version = "1.0.2"
 description = "PolyGateway：实验室统一的大语言模型（LLM/VLM/OCR）调度与中转库——多源、限流、重试、熔断、缓存、遥测"
 requires-python = ">=3.11"
 dependencies = [