diff --git a/app/question_gen/generator_v2.py b/app/question_gen/generator_v2.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ed60b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/question_gen/generator_v2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+"""v2 生成器 — 基于家族特化 prompt 模板的单题 VLM 出题模块。
+
+使用 VLMProvider 接口调用视觉语言模型，结合 per-family prompt 模板
+和 MaterialContext 素材上下文，生成一道四选一候选题。
+
+典型调用路径::
+
+    candidate = await generate_one_v2(
+        vlm=vlm_client,
+        tree=tree_index,
+        material=material_ctx,
+        family_spec=RETRIEVAL_FAMILY,
+        task_type="Action Reasoning",
+        seq=1,
+        video_id="vid_001",
+        session_id="sess_001",
+    )
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+from json_repair import repair_json
+from loguru import logger
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from app.question_gen.families import QuestionFamilySpec
+    from app.question_gen.sampler_v2 import MaterialContext
+    from app.tree.index import TreeIndex
+    from core.protocols import VLMProvider
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 常量
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+_PROMPTS_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent / "store" / "prompts" / "question_gen"
+
+_VALID_ANSWERS = frozenset({"A", "B", "C", "D"})
+
+_VALID_DIFFICULTIES = frozenset({"easy", "medium", "hard"})
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# CandidateQuestion（规范定义位置）
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class CandidateQuestion:
+    """候选题目 — 出题管线生成、待门控审核的题目数据。
+
+    属性:
+        question_id: 题目唯一标识（格式 "{video_id}_{task_type}_{seq:04d}"）。
+        video_id: 所属视频标识。
+        task_type: 题型（如 "Action Reasoning"）。
+        skill_target: 目标失败机制编号（M1-M5）。
+        question: 题目文本。
+        options: 选项元组（如 ("A. ...", "B. ...", "C. ...", "D. ...")）。
+        answer: 正确答案字母（如 "A"）。
+        source_nodes: 来源节点 ID 元组。
+        difficulty: 难度等级（easy/medium/hard）。
+        subtitle_sentences: 验证材料 — 字幕句子元组。
+        frame_paths: 验证材料 — 帧图片路径元组。
+    """
+
+    question_id: str
+    video_id: str
+    task_type: str
+    skill_target: str
+    question: str
+    options: tuple[str, ...]
+    answer: str
+    source_nodes: tuple[str, ...]
+    difficulty: str
+    subtitle_sentences: tuple[str, ...] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    frame_paths: tuple[str, ...] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Prompt 模板加载
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def _load_prompt_template(family_spec: QuestionFamilySpec) -> str:
+    """加载家族对应的 prompt 模板文件。
+
+    参数:
+        family_spec: 问题家族规格（含 prompt_template 文件名）。
+
+    返回:
+        模板内容字符串。
+
+    异常:
+        FileNotFoundError: 模板文件不存在。
+    """
+    path = _PROMPTS_DIR / family_spec.prompt_template
+    if not path.exists():
+        msg = f"家族 prompt 模板文件不存在: {path}"
+        raise FileNotFoundError(msg)
+    return path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Prompt 构建
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def _build_v2_prompt(
+    family_spec: QuestionFamilySpec,
+    material: MaterialContext,
+    task_type: str,
+    seq: int,
+    *,
+    reject_reason: str | None = None,
+) -> tuple[list[dict[str, str]], list[str]]:
+    """构建 VLM 出题调用的 messages 和帧路径列表。
+
+    参数:
+        family_spec: 问题家族规格。
+        material: 采样素材上下文。
+        task_type: 任务类型字符串。
+        seq: 当前序号。
+        reject_reason: 上一次被门控拒绝的原因（用于引导 VLM 避免相同错误）。
+
+    返回:
+        二元组:
+        - messages: 适配 VLMProvider 的 message 列表（system + user）。
+        - frame_paths: 需发送给 VLM 的帧路径列表。
+    """
+    # Phase 1: 加载家族模板作为 system prompt
+    template_content = _load_prompt_template(family_spec)
+    system_message = template_content
+
+    # Phase 2: 构建 user prompt — 聚合素材信息
+    user_parts: list[str] = []
+
+    user_parts.append(f"## Task Type: {task_type}")
+    user_parts.append(f"## Question Family: {family_spec.name}")
+    user_parts.append(f"## Sequence: #{seq}")
+
+    # 字幕素材
+    if material.subtitle_sentences:
+        user_parts.append("\n## Subtitle Content:")
+        for i, sent in enumerate(material.subtitle_sentences, 1):
+            user_parts.append(f"  {i}. {sent}")
+
+    # 跨 L2 上下文
+    if material.cross_l2_texts:
+        user_parts.append("\n## Cross-Segment Context:")
+        for text in material.cross_l2_texts:
+            user_parts.append(f"  - {text}")
+
+    # 帧路径提示（VLM 会接收实际图像，此处仅作文本参考）
+    if material.frame_paths:
+        user_parts.append(f"\n## Visual Frames: {len(material.frame_paths)} frames attached.")
+
+    # 拒绝原因注入
+    if reject_reason is not None:
+        user_parts.append(
+            f"\n## IMPORTANT - Previous Attempt Rejected:\n"
+            f"Your previous question was rejected for the following reason:\n"
+            f'"{reject_reason}"\n'
+            f"Please generate a NEW question that avoids this issue."
+        )
+
+    # 输出格式指令
+    user_parts.append(
+        "\n## Output Format:\n"
+        "Respond with ONLY a JSON object in this exact format:\n"
+        "```json\n"
+        "{\n"
+        '  "question": "Your question text here",\n'
+        '  "options": ["A. ...", "B. ...", "C. ...", "D. ..."],\n'
+        '  "answer": "A",\n'
+        '  "difficulty": "easy|medium|hard"\n'
+        "}\n"
+        "```"
+    )
+
+    user_content = "\n".join(user_parts)
+
+    messages = [
+        {"role": "system", "content": system_message},
+        {"role": "user", "content": user_content},
+    ]
+
+    # Phase 3: 帧路径
+    frame_paths = list(material.frame_paths)
+
+    return messages, frame_paths
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 响应解析
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def _extract_json_from_text(raw: str) -> str:
+    """从可能被 markdown 代码块包裹的文本中提取 JSON 部分。
+
+    参数:
+        raw: VLM 原始返回文本。
+
+    返回:
+        清理后的 JSON 字符串。
+    """
+    content = raw.strip()
+    if "```" in content:
+        parts = content.split("```")
+        for part in parts:
+            stripped = part.strip()
+            if stripped.startswith("json"):
+                stripped = stripped[4:].strip()
+            if stripped.startswith("{"):
+                return stripped
+    return content
+
+
+def _parse_v2_response(
+    raw: str,
+    video_id: str,
+    task_type: str,
+    skill_target: str,
+    seq: int,
+    source_nodes: tuple[str, ...],
+) -> CandidateQuestion:
+    """解析 VLM 返回的 JSON 响应，构造 CandidateQuestion。
+
+    流程：
+    1. 提取 JSON（处理 markdown 包裹）。
+    2. json_repair 修复常见格式错误。
+    3. 解析并校验必填字段。
+    4. 构造 CandidateQuestion 实例。
+
+    参数:
+        raw: VLM 原始返回文本。
+        video_id: 视频标识。
+        task_type: 任务类型。
+        skill_target: 目标技能编号。
+        seq: 当前序号。
+        source_nodes: 来源节点 ID 元组。
+
+    返回:
+        CandidateQuestion 实例。
+
+    异常:
+        ValueError: JSON 解析失败或缺少必填字段或字段值非法。
+    """
+    # Phase 1: 提取 JSON 文本
+    json_text = _extract_json_from_text(raw)
+
+    # Phase 2: json_repair 修复
+    repaired = repair_json(json_text, return_objects=False)
+
+    # Phase 3: 解析
+    try:
+        data = json.loads(repaired)
+    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+        msg = f"VLM 响应 JSON 解析失败: {e}. 原始文本: {raw[:200]}"
+        raise ValueError(msg) from e
+
+    if not isinstance(data, dict):
+        msg = f"VLM 响应顶层不是 JSON 对象: type={type(data).__name__}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    # Phase 4: 校验必填字段
+    missing = [f for f in ("question", "options", "answer", "difficulty") if f not in data]
+    if missing:
+        msg = f"VLM 响应缺少必填字段: {', '.join(missing)}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    question_text = str(data["question"])
+    options_raw = data["options"]
+    answer = str(data["answer"]).strip().upper()
+    difficulty = str(data["difficulty"]).strip().lower()
+
+    # 校验 options
+    if not isinstance(options_raw, list) or len(options_raw) < 2:
+        msg = f"options 字段必须是至少 2 个选项的列表，实际: {options_raw}"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+    options = tuple(str(o) for o in options_raw)
+
+    # 校验 answer
+    if answer not in _VALID_ANSWERS:
+        msg = f"answer 字段值 '{answer}' 非法，必须为 A/B/C/D 之一"
+        raise ValueError(msg)
+
+    # 校验 difficulty
+    if difficulty not in _VALID_DIFFICULTIES:
+        logger.warning(
+            "difficulty '{}' 不在预设范围 {}，回退为 'medium'",
+            difficulty,
+            _VALID_DIFFICULTIES,
+        )
+        difficulty = "medium"
+
+    # Phase 5: 构造 CandidateQuestion
+    question_id = f"{video_id}_{task_type}_{seq:04d}"
+
+    return CandidateQuestion(
+        question_id=question_id,
+        video_id=video_id,
+        task_type=task_type,
+        skill_target=skill_target,
+        question=question_text,
+        options=options,
+        answer=answer,
+        source_nodes=source_nodes,
+        difficulty=difficulty,
+    )
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 主入口
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+async def generate_one_v2(
+    vlm: VLMProvider,
+    tree: TreeIndex,
+    material: MaterialContext,
+    family_spec: QuestionFamilySpec,
+    task_type: str,
+    seq: int,
+    *,
+    video_id: str,
+    reject_reason: str | None = None,
+    session_id: str,
+) -> CandidateQuestion:
+    """调用 VLM 生成一道候选题目。
+
+    流程：
+    1. 构建 per-family prompt + 帧路径。
+    2. 调用 VLMProvider.chat_with_images。
+    3. 解析响应为 CandidateQuestion。
+    4. 附加素材验证信息（subtitle_sentences、frame_paths）。
+
+    参数:
+        vlm: VLM 调用端口。
+        tree: 视频树索引（当前未直接使用，预留后续扩展）。
+        material: 采样素材上下文。
+        family_spec: 问题家族规格。
+        task_type: 任务类型字符串。
+        seq: 当前序号。
+        video_id: 视频标识。
+        reject_reason: 上一次被门控拒绝的原因。
+        session_id: 会话 ID（遥测关联）。
+
+    返回:
+        CandidateQuestion 实例（包含验证材料）。
+
+    异常:
+        ValueError: VLM 响应解析失败。
+        FileNotFoundError: 家族 prompt 模板不存在。
+    """
+    # Phase 1: 构建 prompt
+    messages, frame_paths = _build_v2_prompt(
+        family_spec=family_spec,
+        material=material,
+        task_type=task_type,
+        seq=seq,
+        reject_reason=reject_reason,
+    )
+
+    # Phase 2: 调用 VLM
+    logger.debug(
+        "generate_one_v2: family={}, task_type={}, seq={}, frames={}",
+        family_spec.name,
+        task_type,
+        seq,
+        len(frame_paths),
+    )
+
+    response = await vlm.chat_with_images(
+        messages,
+        frame_paths,
+        session_id=session_id,
+    )
+
+    # Phase 3: 解析响应
+    candidate = _parse_v2_response(
+        raw=response.content,
+        video_id=video_id,
+        task_type=task_type,
+        skill_target=family_spec.skill_target,
+        seq=seq,
+        source_nodes=material.source_nodes,
+    )
+
+    # Phase 4: 附加验证材料（构造新实例，因 frozen=True）
+    candidate = CandidateQuestion(
+        question_id=candidate.question_id,
+        video_id=candidate.video_id,
+        task_type=candidate.task_type,
+        skill_target=candidate.skill_target,
+        question=candidate.question,
+        options=candidate.options,
+        answer=candidate.answer,
+        source_nodes=candidate.source_nodes,
+        difficulty=candidate.difficulty,
+        subtitle_sentences=tuple(material.subtitle_sentences),
+        frame_paths=tuple(material.frame_paths),
+    )
+
+    logger.debug(
+        "generate_one_v2 完成: question_id={}, difficulty={}",
+        candidate.question_id,
+        candidate.difficulty,
+    )
+
+    return candidate
diff --git a/store/prompts/question_gen/enumeration.md b/store/prompts/question_gen/enumeration.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..35f4e0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/store/prompts/question_gen/enumeration.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+You are a question generator for video understanding benchmarks.
+
+Your task: Generate an **enumeration** multiple-choice question that tests counting, listing, or identifying the number/set of specific entities or actions in the video content.
+
+## Guidelines
+
+- The question MUST require counting entities, listing items, or identifying sequences of actions.
+- Focus on "How many...", "Which of the following are all...", "In what order..." style questions.
+- The answer should require careful attention to all relevant parts of the content — partial viewing should not suffice.
+- Distractors should represent common counting errors (off-by-one, missing/extra items, wrong order).
+
+## Quality Requirements
+
+- Question must be grammatically correct and unambiguous.
+- All four options must be parallel in structure and length.
+- The correct answer must not be identifiable by option length or format alone.
+- Avoid trivially small counts (e.g., "How many people?" when only 1 is visible).
+- Each option must begin with "A. ", "B. ", "C. ", or "D. ".
+
+## Output
+
+Respond with ONLY a valid JSON object. No additional text.
diff --git a/store/prompts/question_gen/reasoning.md b/store/prompts/question_gen/reasoning.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87772ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/store/prompts/question_gen/reasoning.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+You are a question generator for video understanding benchmarks.
+
+Your task: Generate a **multi-hop reasoning** multiple-choice question that requires connecting information from multiple segments of the video to arrive at the correct answer.
+
+## Guidelines
+
+- The question MUST require reasoning across at least two distinct pieces of information (temporal, causal, or logical connections).
+- The answer should NOT be directly stated in any single subtitle or frame — it must be inferred by combining evidence.
+- Test causal chains, temporal ordering, or logical deductions that span multiple events.
+- Distractors should represent common reasoning errors (e.g., reversed causality, incorrect temporal ordering).
+
+## Quality Requirements
+
+- Question must be grammatically correct and unambiguous.
+- All four options must be parallel in structure and length.
+- The correct answer must not be identifiable from linguistic cues alone.
+- The reasoning chain should be verifiable from the provided material.
+- Each option must begin with "A. ", "B. ", "C. ", or "D. ".
+
+## Output
+
+Respond with ONLY a valid JSON object. No additional text.
diff --git a/store/prompts/question_gen/retrieval.md b/store/prompts/question_gen/retrieval.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe95a36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/store/prompts/question_gen/retrieval.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+You are a question generator for video understanding benchmarks.
+
+Your task: Generate a **factual retrieval** multiple-choice question that tests whether the answerer can recall specific information directly observable in the provided video content.
+
+## Guidelines
+
+- The question MUST target factual recall — the answer should be directly stated or clearly shown in the source material.
+- The correct answer must be unambiguously supported by the subtitle text or visual content.
+- Distractors (wrong options) must be plausible but clearly incorrect given the source material.
+- Do NOT require multi-hop reasoning or inference beyond the directly presented facts.
+- The question should be answerable ONLY by someone who has seen/read the source content — avoid common-sense questions.
+
+## Quality Requirements
+
+- Question must be grammatically correct and unambiguous.
+- All four options must be parallel in structure and length.
+- The correct answer must not be identifiable from linguistic cues alone.
+- Avoid negation in the question stem (e.g., "Which of the following is NOT...").
+- Each option must begin with "A. ", "B. ", "C. ", or "D. ".
+
+## Output
+
+Respond with ONLY a valid JSON object. No additional text.
diff --git a/store/prompts/question_gen/spatial.md b/store/prompts/question_gen/spatial.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b8f583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/store/prompts/question_gen/spatial.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+You are a question generator for video understanding benchmarks.
+
+Your task: Generate a **spatial relationship** multiple-choice question that tests understanding of spatial arrangements, positions, and relationships between objects or people in the video.
+
+## Guidelines
+
+- The question MUST focus on spatial relationships: relative positions, directions, distances, containment, or spatial changes.
+- Test understanding of "where" things are, how they relate spatially, or how spatial arrangements change over time.
+- Use spatial language: "left/right of", "above/below", "between", "inside/outside", "closer/farther", "facing".
+- The answer should require spatial reasoning that goes beyond simple object identification.
+- Distractors should represent common spatial confusion (mirror reversals, misremembered positions).
+
+## Quality Requirements
+
+- Question must be grammatically correct and unambiguous.
+- All four options must be parallel in structure and length.
+- The correct answer must not be identifiable from linguistic cues alone.
+- Spatial references must be unambiguous given the visual content.
+- Each option must begin with "A. ", "B. ", "C. ", or "D. ".
+
+## Output
+
+Respond with ONLY a valid JSON object. No additional text.
diff --git a/store/prompts/question_gen/visual.md b/store/prompts/question_gen/visual.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0446725
--- /dev/null
+++ b/store/prompts/question_gen/visual.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+You are a question generator for video understanding benchmarks.
+
+Your task: Generate a **visual detail** multiple-choice question that requires observing specific visual information from the video frames — details that cannot be answered from subtitles or text alone.
+
+## Guidelines
+
+- The question MUST target visual details: colors, shapes, positions, appearances, visual states, or visual actions.
+- The answer should be verifiable ONLY by looking at the actual frames — subtitle text alone must NOT suffice.
+- Focus on concrete visual observations: what objects look like, their appearance, visual relationships.
+- Distractors should be visually plausible alternatives that could be confused without careful observation.
+
+## Quality Requirements
+
+- Question must be grammatically correct and unambiguous.
+- All four options must be parallel in structure and length.
+- The correct answer must not be identifiable from linguistic cues alone.
+- Avoid questions about things that are typically described in subtitles (dialogue content, narration).
+- Each option must begin with "A. ", "B. ", "C. ", or "D. ".
+
+## Output
+
+Respond with ONLY a valid JSON object. No additional text.
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_generator_v2.py b/tests/unit/test_generator_v2.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1d717e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/test_generator_v2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+"""v2 生成器单元测试 — 验证 prompt 构建、响应解析、端到端生成。"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+
+import pytest
+
+from app.question_gen.families import RETRIEVAL_FAMILY, VISUAL_FAMILY
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from pathlib import Path
+from app.question_gen.sampler_v2 import AnchorContext, MaterialContext
+from app.tree.index import (
+    IndexMeta,
+    L1Card,
+    L1Node,
+    L2Card,
+    L2Node,
+    L3Card,
+    L3Node,
+    TreeIndex,
+)
+from core.types import LLMResponse
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Fixtures & Helpers
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def _make_material(
+    *,
+    with_frames: bool = False,
+    with_cross_l2: bool = False,
+) -> MaterialContext:
+    """构造测试用 MaterialContext。"""
+    anchor = AnchorContext(node_id="L2_001", level=2, l2_id="L2_001")
+    frame_paths = ["/data/frames/f001.jpg", "/data/frames/f002.jpg"] if with_frames else []
+    cross_l2 = ["Person enters room and sits down."] if with_cross_l2 else []
+    return MaterialContext(
+        anchor=anchor,
+        source_nodes=("L2_001", "L3_001", "L3_002"),
+        subtitle_sentences=["He picks up the book.", "Then he starts reading."],
+        frame_paths=frame_paths,
+        cross_l2_texts=cross_l2,
+    )
+
+
+def _make_vlm_response(content: str) -> LLMResponse:
+    """构造 VLM 正常返回。"""
+    return LLMResponse(
+        content=content,
+        thinking="",
+        model="mock-vlm",
+        provider="mock",
+        prompt_tokens=50,
+        completion_tokens=30,
+        latency_ms=200,
+        ttft_ms=None,
+        max_inter_token_ms=None,
+        cache_hit=False,
+        call_id="mock-vlm-001",
+    )
+
+
+class MockVLM:
+    """可配置的 VLM mock — 记录调用并返回预设响应。"""
+
+    def __init__(self, response: LLMResponse) -> None:
+        self._response = response
+        self.calls: list[dict[str, Any]] = []
+
+    async def chat_with_images(
+        self,
+        messages: list[dict[str, Any]],
+        images: list[str | Path],
+        *,
+        session_id: str | None = None,
+        parent_call_id: str | None = None,
+    ) -> LLMResponse:
+        """记录调用并返回预设响应。"""
+        self.calls.append(
+            {
+                "messages": messages,
+                "images": images,
+                "session_id": session_id,
+            }
+        )
+        return self._response
+
+
+def _make_tree() -> TreeIndex:
+    """构造最小测试树。"""
+    l3_card = L3Card(
+        frame_summary="Person picks up a book from the shelf.",
+        visible_entities=["person", "book", "shelf"],
+        ongoing_actions=["picking up"],
+        visible_text=[],
+        spatial_layout="person in center",
+        visual_attributes={},
+        subtitle="He picks up the book.",
+    )
+    l3 = L3Node(id="L3_001", card=l3_card, frame_path="/data/frames/f001.jpg")
+
+    l3_card2 = L3Card(
+        frame_summary="Person starts reading the book.",
+        visible_entities=["person", "book"],
+        ongoing_actions=["reading"],
+        visible_text=[],
+        spatial_layout="person sitting",
+        visual_attributes={},
+        subtitle="Then he starts reading.",
+    )
+    l3_2 = L3Node(id="L3_002", card=l3_card2, frame_path="/data/frames/f002.jpg")
+
+    l2_card = L2Card(
+        event_description="A person picks up a book and starts reading.",
+        entities=["person", "book"],
+        actions=["pick up", "read"],
+        action_subjects=["person"],
+        visible_text=[],
+        spatial_relations="near shelf",
+        state_changes="book picked up",
+        subtitle="He picks up the book and reads.",
+    )
+    l2 = L2Node(id="L2_001", card=l2_card, children=[l3, l3_2])
+
+    l1_card = L1Card(
+        scene_summary="Library scene.",
+        main_setting="library",
+        key_entities=["person", "book"],
+        main_actions=["reading"],
+        topic_keywords=["library"],
+        visible_text=[],
+        temporal_flow="enter → read",
+    )
+    l1 = L1Node(id="L1_001", card=l1_card, children=[l2])
+
+    meta = IndexMeta(source_path="test.mp4", modality="video")
+    return TreeIndex(metadata=meta, roots=[l1])
+
+
+_VALID_VLM_OUTPUT = json.dumps(
+    {
+        "question": "What does the person do after picking up the book?",
+        "options": ["A. Reads it", "B. Puts it back", "C. Throws it", "D. Burns it"],
+        "answer": "A",
+        "difficulty": "medium",
+    }
+)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# TestBuildV2Prompt
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestBuildV2Prompt:
+    """验证 _build_v2_prompt 的 prompt 构造逻辑。"""
+
+    def test_includes_family_template(self) -> None:
+        """prompt 中应包含家族模板的核心指令。"""
+        from app.question_gen.generator_v2 import _build_v2_prompt
+
+        material = _make_material()
+        messages, frame_paths = _build_v2_prompt(
+            family_spec=RETRIEVAL_FAMILY,
+            material=material,
+            task_type="Action Reasoning",
+            seq=1,
+        )
+
+        # messages 至少有 system + user
+        assert len(messages) >= 2
+        # system message 中应包含 retrieval 家族相关指令
+        system_content = messages[0]["content"]
+        assert "retrieval" in system_content.lower() or "factual" in system_content.lower()
+
+    def test_reject_reason_injected(self) -> None:
+        """当 reject_reason 不为 None 时，应注入到 prompt 中。"""
+        from app.question_gen.generator_v2 import _build_v2_prompt
+
+        material = _make_material()
+        reject_msg = "The question leaked information from the answer options."
+        messages, _ = _build_v2_prompt(
+            family_spec=RETRIEVAL_FAMILY,
+            material=material,
+            task_type="Action Reasoning",
+            seq=2,
+            reject_reason=reject_msg,
+        )
+
+        # reject_reason 应出现在某个 message 内容中
+        all_content = " ".join(m["content"] for m in messages)
+        assert reject_msg in all_content
+
+    def test_frame_paths_from_material(self) -> None:
+        """返回的 frame_paths 应来自 material.frame_paths。"""
+        from app.question_gen.generator_v2 import _build_v2_prompt
+
+        material = _make_material(with_frames=True)
+        _, frame_paths = _build_v2_prompt(
+            family_spec=VISUAL_FAMILY,
+            material=material,
+            task_type="Object Recognition",
+            seq=1,
+        )
+
+        assert frame_paths == ["/data/frames/f001.jpg", "/data/frames/f002.jpg"]
+
+    def test_no_frames_returns_empty(self) -> None:
+        """无帧素材时 frame_paths 应为空列表。"""
+        from app.question_gen.generator_v2 import _build_v2_prompt
+
+        material = _make_material(with_frames=False)
+        _, frame_paths = _build_v2_prompt(
+            family_spec=RETRIEVAL_FAMILY,
+            material=material,
+            task_type="Action Reasoning",
+            seq=1,
+        )
+
+        assert frame_paths == []
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# TestParseV2Response
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestParseV2Response:
+    """验证 _parse_v2_response 的解析与校验逻辑。"""
+
+    def test_valid_json(self) -> None:
+        """正确 JSON → 生成 CandidateQuestion。"""
+        from app.question_gen.generator_v2 import CandidateQuestion, _parse_v2_response
+
+        result = _parse_v2_response(
+            raw=_VALID_VLM_OUTPUT,
+            video_id="v-001",
+            task_type="Action Reasoning",
+            skill_target="M1",
+            seq=3,
+            source_nodes=("L2_001", "L3_001"),
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result, CandidateQuestion)
+        assert result.question_id == "v-001_Action Reasoning_0003"
+        assert result.question == "What does the person do after picking up the book?"
+        assert result.options == ("A. Reads it", "B. Puts it back", "C. Throws it", "D. Burns it")
+        assert result.answer == "A"
+        assert result.difficulty == "medium"
+        assert result.video_id == "v-001"
+        assert result.task_type == "Action Reasoning"
+        assert result.skill_target == "M1"
+        assert result.source_nodes == ("L2_001", "L3_001")
+
+    def test_missing_field_raises(self) -> None:
+        """缺少必填字段 → 抛出 ValueError。"""
+        from app.question_gen.generator_v2 import _parse_v2_response
+
+        incomplete = json.dumps(
+            {
+                "question": "What happens?",
+                "options": ["A. X", "B. Y"],
+                # 缺少 answer 和 difficulty
+            }
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="answer"):
+            _parse_v2_response(
+                raw=incomplete,
+                video_id="v-001",
+                task_type="Action Reasoning",
+                skill_target="M1",
+                seq=1,
+                source_nodes=("L2_001",),
+            )
+
+    def test_invalid_answer_raises(self) -> None:
+        """answer 不在 A-D 范围内 → 抛出 ValueError。"""
+        from app.question_gen.generator_v2 import _parse_v2_response
+
+        bad_answer = json.dumps(
+            {
+                "question": "What happens?",
+                "options": ["A. X", "B. Y", "C. Z", "D. W"],
+                "answer": "E",
+                "difficulty": "easy",
+            }
+        )
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="answer"):
+            _parse_v2_response(
+                raw=bad_answer,
+                video_id="v-001",
+                task_type="Action Reasoning",
+                skill_target="M1",
+                seq=1,
+                source_nodes=("L2_001",),
+            )
+
+    def test_json_repair_handles_trailing_comma(self) -> None:
+        """json_repair 应能修复常见 JSON 错误。"""
+        from app.question_gen.generator_v2 import _parse_v2_response
+
+        malformed = '{"question": "What?", "options": ["A. X", "B. Y", "C. Z", "D. W",], "answer": "B", "difficulty": "easy",}'
+
+        result = _parse_v2_response(
+            raw=malformed,
+            video_id="v-001",
+            task_type="Action Reasoning",
+            skill_target="M1",
+            seq=1,
+            source_nodes=("L2_001",),
+        )
+        assert result.answer == "B"
+
+    def test_markdown_wrapped_json(self) -> None:
+        """被 markdown 代码块包裹的 JSON 应正常解析。"""
+        from app.question_gen.generator_v2 import _parse_v2_response
+
+        wrapped = f"```json\n{_VALID_VLM_OUTPUT}\n```"
+
+        result = _parse_v2_response(
+            raw=wrapped,
+            video_id="v-001",
+            task_type="Action Reasoning",
+            skill_target="M1",
+            seq=5,
+            source_nodes=("L2_001",),
+        )
+        assert result.question_id == "v-001_Action Reasoning_0005"
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# TestGenerateOneV2
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+class TestGenerateOneV2:
+    """验证 generate_one_v2 端到端流程。"""
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio()
+    async def test_happy_path(self) -> None:
+        """正常流程：VLM 返回有效 JSON → 生成 CandidateQuestion。"""
+        from app.question_gen.generator_v2 import CandidateQuestion, generate_one_v2
+
+        mock_vlm = MockVLM(_make_vlm_response(_VALID_VLM_OUTPUT))
+        tree = _make_tree()
+        material = _make_material(with_frames=True)
+
+        result = await generate_one_v2(
+            vlm=mock_vlm,
+            tree=tree,
+            material=material,
+            family_spec=RETRIEVAL_FAMILY,
+            task_type="Action Reasoning",
+            seq=1,
+            video_id="v-001",
+            session_id="session-test-001",
+        )
+
+        assert isinstance(result, CandidateQuestion)
+        assert result.question_id == "v-001_Action Reasoning_0001"
+        assert result.video_id == "v-001"
+        assert result.skill_target == "M1"
+        assert result.source_nodes == ("L2_001", "L3_001", "L3_002")
+        assert result.subtitle_sentences == ("He picks up the book.", "Then he starts reading.")
+        assert result.frame_paths == ("/data/frames/f001.jpg", "/data/frames/f002.jpg")
+
+        # VLM 应被调用一次
+        assert len(mock_vlm.calls) == 1
+        assert mock_vlm.calls[0]["session_id"] == "session-test-001"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio()
+    async def test_reject_reason_forwarded(self) -> None:
+        """reject_reason 应被传入 prompt 构建。"""
+        from app.question_gen.generator_v2 import generate_one_v2
+
+        mock_vlm = MockVLM(_make_vlm_response(_VALID_VLM_OUTPUT))
+        tree = _make_tree()
+        material = _make_material()
+
+        await generate_one_v2(
+            vlm=mock_vlm,
+            tree=tree,
+            material=material,
+            family_spec=RETRIEVAL_FAMILY,
+            task_type="Action Reasoning",
+            seq=2,
+            video_id="v-001",
+            reject_reason="Answer was too obvious",
+            session_id="session-test-002",
+        )
+
+        # 验证 VLM 调用的 messages 中包含 reject_reason
+        call = mock_vlm.calls[0]
+        all_content = " ".join(m["content"] for m in call["messages"])
+        assert "Answer was too obvious" in all_content